He spoke as US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice prepared for three-way talks with Mr Olmert and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas.
Mr Olmert said he and US President Bush had agreed on their position on Friday.
Hamas, the largest group in the proposed Palestinian unity government, refuses to recognise Israel.
Mr Olmert said a Palestinian government that failed to accept conditions laid down by the quartet of the US, EU, Russia and UN "cannot receive recognition and there will not be co-operation with it".
"I spoke about this on Friday with the president of the United States, and I can tell you the Israeli and US positions are completely identical," Mr Olmert said in televised comments.
Power-sharing deal
The EU, US and Russia have maintained an economic boycott of the Palestinian government since Hamas won legislative elections in January last year.
| | If one waited for the perfect time to come to the Middle East then one would never get on the airplane Condoleezza Rice US secretary of state |
After weeks of internal fighting, Hamas and the rival Fatah faction agreed last week to form a national unity government.
As a result, Ismail Haniya, of Hamas, resigned from his post as prime minister on Thursday and was asked by Mr Abbas, who heads Fatah, to form a new national unity government.
Ms Rice spent more than two hours in talks with Mr Abbas in the West Bank town of Ramallah on Sunday. She then held talks in Jerusalem with Mr Olmert.
Before those meetings, Ms Rice said it was an important time to advance the vision of a Palestinian state.
Mr Olmert's comments will add to doubts about whether the US will engage with a new Palestinian unity government.
Many observers wonder whether the two embattled leaders, Mr Olmert and Mr Abbas, are strong enough to take the difficult steps towards peace, says the BBC's Bethany Bell in Jerusalem.
Moderation urged
Speaking after talks with Israel's Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, Ms Rice said now was "an important time to talk about how we advance the vision of two states living side-by-side in peace and in freedom".
Ms Rice arrived in Israel after a brief visit to the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, where she reviewed a new security plan intended to reduce violence in the city.
She said the US would "await the formation of a [Palestinian] government before making any decisions about it".
"If one waited for the perfect time to come to the Middle East then one would never get on the airplane," she added.
Hamas' refusal to recognise Israel has led to a crippling ban on Western financial aid since the party came to power.
Meanwhile, factional fighting between Fatah and Hamas has claimed more than 90 Palestinian lives since December.
Mr Haniya now has five weeks to get a new cabinet accepted by the Hamas-dominated parliament.
But if Hamas maintains its position regarding Israel, there is concern that any talks brokered by Washington will be futile, correspondents say.
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